There is a new paper from DFID (the British overseas development assistance authority) about the usefulness and effectiveness of conditional cash transfers. I have written a few times about this topic in early 2011 and way back when in 2010 (see here and here) and have always been pretty bullish on the use of them as tools for poverty alleviation. Conditional cash transfers effectively pay the poor in exchange for meeting certain requirements regarding healthcare and education. Welfare programs for individuals and families are contingent on achieving certain targets. For achieving a certain school attendance rate for children, a family will receive a certain amount of money. For bringing your child to the doctor a certain number of times per year, you get money from the government.
The advantage of these schemes is that they offset the opportunity cost of keeping your child in school, or the actual cost of bringing your child to the doctor. So, by creating incentives around behavior modification, you can more effectively target the root causes of poverty. Good decision-making becomes in the best financial interest of families, and mitigates the costs of neglect.
What they do not address are systemic problems. For example, within education, conditional cash transfers aren’t going to build more schools, improve teacher training, reduce class sizes, or provide additional jobs for people once they get out of school. Nor will they improve the quality of healthcare delivery or the caliber of physicians. This gives some people pause. This is from the report:
Well-designed and implemented cash transfers help to strengthen household productivity and capacity for income generation. Small but reliable flows of transfer income have helped poor households to accumulate productive assets; avoid distress sales; obtain access to credit on better terms; and in some cases to diversify into higher risk, higher return activities. These intermediate outcomes help draw poor people into the market economy on terms that allow them to benefit from and contribute to growth.…
There is robust evidence from numerous countries that cash transfers have leveraged sizeable gains in access to health and education services…However, transfers have had less success in improving final outcomes in health or education. Cash transfers can help the poor overcome demand-side (cost) barriers to schooling or healthcare, but they cannot resolve supply-side problems with service delivery (e.g. teacher performance or the training of public health professionals). Cash transfers therefore need to be complemented by ongoing sectoral strategies to improve service quality.
The whole notion of a silver bullet is a non-starter for me. There is no such thing as a silver bullet, and no one actually thinks that they really exist. People talked about microfinance as a silver bullet, and now conditional cash transfers. But in world of complex, deep, systemic problems and inequalities, the perfect cannot be the enemy of the good. And when something works, that is a good thing.
Over at Aidwatch, Laura Freschi, Bill Easterly’s underblogger, discusses this notion:
I’ve heard people talk about cash transfers as the next silver bullet. They’re frequently mentioned in conversations about what’s “new and innovative” in aid. Studies like this one, that synthesize what we know so far and point out where knowledge is still uneven, can help calibrate those expectations.
That is all well and good, but anyone who genuinely thinks it is a “silver bullet” or talks about it as such either doesn’t know what they are talking about, or is mischaracterizing something that clearly has very positive impacts.
In development, one thing I have learned is that systemic change is key, but raising living standards of the poor is most important. The systems that keep the poor poor are often governed by complex geopolitical dynamics, poor governance in developing countries, and other complex factors. Systems can be changed, but it can be more difficult to change these larger forces. But if you can improve the lives of the poor without having to change the overall system, that is a pretty good thing. So when I look at the chart about and see that “raising the living standards of the poor” is highly correlated with conditional cash transfers, that seems like a good thing. It may not be a silver bullet, but it works. And small victories are important.
any conditionanal cash transfer especially to the third world countries may not be the antidote to existtng poverty levels. total political and social cultural reforms must be there. however the notion that only developed countries have answers to undeveloped countries is far fetched. we should encourage local solutions to local problems. In kenya local mobile phone cash transfers have greatly changed the lives of common people. its worth to be studied.
Thanks for the help in this question. 😮