This is part two of a two-part post about amateurs vs. professional in aid and development.
In my experience, development professionals tend to be a jaded and cynical bunch, but also eternally optimistic, well-meaning, and principled. In one post, a blogger who writes “Good Intentions are Not Enough” (another blog I read and respect) explains what it means to be an “aid professional.” Here are a few:
- First and foremost – Do No Harm – whether what we do is right or wrong, we are doing it to the people that can least afford for us to fail.
- There is a need for fresh perspectives and a variety of ideas and approaches. However this must be tempered with knowledge of the factors that led to success and failures in the past so the same mistakes are not constantly repeated.
- Stick around long enough for projects to have a chance to fail. Then try to stop them from failing and learn from your mistakes.
While I agree with these principles, I don’t think the status quo promotes them. In Algoso’s article, he explains how failed projects sap money from potentially successful projects. Yet Good Intentions is right – we need to learn from mistakes. Some of my good friends in Ghana worked for Engineers Without Borders Canada. One was a mechatronics engineer, another a geoscientist (by training, not profession). The amateurs at EWB Canada even created a website called “Admitting Failure” and held a conference called FailFaire, which is cited by professional development workers as a step in the right direction. To fault “amateurs” for their mistakes, while saying experts should learn from theirs is a bit hypocritical in my opinion.
Regarding the second point – how can experts bring a fresh perspective if they all draw from the same pool of knowledge? Successful projects bring expertise and best practices from many different fields and apply them to development. This is how you bring fresh ideas.
And, most importantly, regarding “do no harm,” I have seen aid projects literally destroy the rural banking sector of a country. In this particular case, it was a multi-million dollar government aid project. Not to mention, the amount of collaboration between aid agencies from different countries is appalling. I once sat in a meeting between aid officials from two governments who found out that they had been training the same group of farmers on the same skills for the past six months and didn’t even know it. Of course, do no harm. But don’t assume that amateurs will do more harm than “professionals”.
In my personal experience, the organizations I have worked with run the gamut from large-scale bureaucratic government aid projects to the one of the most capitalist social enterprises around. And, frankly, the most innovative and effective are the ones founded by development amateurs with a professional background in other fields – the self-taught warriors who bring their insight and skills from other industries to bear on the social sector.
My intention isn’t to say that everyone with a masters degree in international development and a resume overflowing with public sector and development experience is wrong about everything. Clearly, that experience is valuable in understanding context and knowing what has worked and not worked in the past. It is particularly relevant in the policy sphere – designing programs like Bolsa Familia or advising governments on legislation and policy.
Rather, I want them to recognize the critical role amateurs play in this work. They bring new ideas, enthusiasm, optimism, and much-needed skills. They may not always succeed, but, if history is a guide, applications of traditional development theory haven’t produced overwhelming results either. If the CEO of a company had the same track record of results as the development experts during the past four decades, he would have been fired without a second thought.
The second and more important point is that this “leave it to the experts” mentality is far more destructive in the long-run than the trial-and-error nature of DIY foreign aid. Algoso explains that failed ventures take money away from other projects and ventures that might work. This, to me, is a recipe for the status quo – an approach to poverty alleviation and economic development marked by a lack of innovation, fresh ideas, and competition for funding dollars.
Take the Millenium Villages Project – a massive top-down development project thought up by a bunch of “experts” at the Earth Institute at Columbia University. The brainchild of Jeffrey Sachs – one the most influential economist in the world whose commitment to the cause no one can deny – the MVP has been criticized for its high costs and limited impacts. At a cost of $300,000 per village per year, the project achieves modest gains that, frankly, will do nothing to solve the much larger problem of food security in the regions it serves. This, to me, is a good example of an unsustainable project and a waste of money in development.
Among the amateurs, on the other hand, the failure rate may be high, but successes can be far greater. Play Pumps may have been a failure, but what about Kiva? Kiva – an online peer-to-peer lending organization that uses the Internet to connect lenders with borrowers around the world – might the most successful and effective non-profit in modern history. It has more than one million users and has distributed over $250 million in loans to borrowers in 216 countries. The video above, titled “Intercontinental Ballistic Microfinance,” shows a stunning visual displays the movement of Kiva loans around the world. More importantly, unlike Millenium Villages, it is fully financially sustainable – something that is paramount to the founders, who cut their teeth at PayPal. It is a good thing that Matt Flannery and Premal Shah didn’t decide to return to their day jobs and leave it to the experts.
For a more tangible example, the first comment on the article is illuminating. It is from someone who works for WorldVision. For those who do not know, World Vision is the organization that distributes the Super Bowl t-shirts in Zambia, and is responsible for undermining the local cotton industry throughout sub-Saharan Africa. This practice is widely reviled by the “professionals,” and resulted in the online castigation of a poor sole from Florida named Jason Stadler who tried to get donations of one million shirts. Apparently, the irony is lost on experts. In any case, here is what the World Vision employee has to say:
This is not something amateurs should be meddling in but unfortunately starting your own non-profit is the new “starting your own business”.It is absolutely petrifying to me that independants are starting nonprofits, especially the often open access some are giving donors to vunerable children. They are also fostering a mentality of donor needs before community desires.
The next comment comes from someone who works in a rural village in Lesotho, who isn’t a fan of World Vision and raises very specific criticisms of the organization:
World Vision! This is one of the worst organizations with the least understanding of local conditions, cultures and solutions; they chase huge amounts of money in the name of religion.
The World Vision employee then gives a puzzling response:
I think you point out something really valid – INGOs make mistakes. We have made mistakes, which we are bound to do after 60 years of working in communities. We are after all a human organization and humans make mistakes and in some circumstances, get everything wrong.
We are encouraged not to hide those mistakes. To talk about them, learn from them and to try not to repeat them. I think that’s why I find it scary to think of a bunch of rouge nonprofits coming in without having lessons learned. Its more about the experience than it it is about credentials.
This, to me, is the essence of the professional aid workers mentality. They condone mistakes made by professionals and condemn them from amateurs. If the professional fails, it is a learning experience. If the amateur fails, it is destructive.
So here is my advice to anyone who is thinking about quitting their job and taking up the cause of making the world a better place: do it. Don’t hire a professional. Don’t even try to become a professional. Should you read a book or two about what works and think about how you can maximize your impact without being detrimental? Definitely. But be wary of what they tell you, because, for the last 40 years, they have largely gotten it wrong. You don’t need an MBA to start a business, and you don’t need a degree in international development or a job at an aid organization to make a difference.
Ignore the “professionals” telling you to leave this work to the experts. Try something. If you fail, learn from it. If you succeed, share it, and help others to scale. Don’t be deterred by people telling you that you don’t have the experience. Just go out and do it.
Over the past two years, I have seen innovative and creative minds building great things. When I do, I am reminded how refreshing it is to be one of the amateurs.
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Josh, this was a good pair of posts. As is often the case, I think our disagreements stem from different definitions. Specifically, your use of the amateur/professional distinction is a bit confusing to me. I would hardly call Kiva or EWB “amateurs”. I thought I’d share a couple follow-ups that I wrote to my FP article. They seem relevant. See here:
http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2010/10/30/diy-follow-up-part-2-of-5-questions-of-elitism-or-just-what-is-a-%E2%80%9Cprofessional%E2%80%9D/
and here:
http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2010/10/31/diy-follow-up-part-3-of-5-improving-the-development-industry-or-dont-the-professionals-screw-things-up-too/
Hi Dave – thanks for responding. First, I want to say that I enjoy your blog a lot. And healthy debate is a good thing.
My definition of professional vs. amateur is someone who has been trained and has work experience in the world of “aid”. My whole point was that Kiva and Play Pumps both started as amateur endeavors (the Frontline episode). One was a spectacular failure, and the other a spectacular success. The only thing that differentiates the two – that makes one an amateur and one professional – is success, it seems. This shouldn’t be how it is. We need more Kivas and less Play Pumps, but discouraging would-be entrepreneurs and innovators by having them believe that they could actually do more harm than good stifles the creativity that comes when a fresh set of eyes looks at a problem and tries to solve it.
Lastly, I also think we could be talking about different types of aid/development. Clearly, NGOs in Kibera, while helping people get by immensely, are probably prolonging the life of the slum and taking a lot of onus off the government to provide basic services. But Play Pumps is clearly economic and community development. Perhaps if it were executed better, the product was more amenable to its customers, then you wouldn’t be referring to it as an “amateur” endeavor.
As I said, really appreciate your work and writing. As we are both living in Kenya, lets get a drink next time you are in Nairobi. i’d love to hear about your work – my email is josh@developeconomies.com and phone number is 070-415-3098.
I totally agree with you when it comes about new perspectives and inedite approaches!